In this script, we will discuss the most important topic of Operational Amplifiers, Now we will discuss

  •  IC 741 Operational Amplifiers 
  • IC 741 Op-Amp  
  • Pin configuration of IC 741 op-amp 
  • The five important terminals 
  • Application of IC 741 Op-Amp

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 IC 741 Operational Amplifiers  

An op amp is an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage-controlled voltage source. It can also be used in making a voltage or current-controlled source. An operational amplifier is designed so that performs some mathematical operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and differential when

external components such as resistors and capacitors, are connected to its integration. The op-amp is an electronic device consisting of a complex arrangement of resistors, transistors, capacitors, and diodes.



IC 741 Op-Amp  

OP-amps are commercially available in integrated circuit packages in several forms. Figure 1.1 shows a typical op-amp package. A typical one is the eight-pin dual in-line package. 


Here is the pin configuration, the most important pins are pin-2(Inverting), pin-3(Non inverting), and pin-6(Output) where pin 6 represents voltage out. The triangular diagram in the op-amp represents an Op-Amp integrated circuit.  Op-amp is mainly used to perform mathematical operations in various electronic circuits.

Pin configuration of IC 741 op-amp is shown above

  1. Pin 1 is Offset null.
  2. Pin 2 is Inverting input terminal.
  3. Pin 3 is a non-inverting input terminal.
  4. Pin 4 is negative voltage supply (VCC)
  5. Pin 5 is offset null.
  6. Pin 6 is the output voltage.
  7. Pin 7 is positive voltage supply (+VCC)
  8. Pin 8 has no connection.

The five important terminals are

  1. The inverting input, pin 2
  2. The non-inverting input, pin 3
  3. The output, pin 6
  4. The positive power supply, V+, pin 7
  5. The Negative power supply V-,pin4
The circuit symbol for the op amp is the triangle in Figure 1,1 shown, the op-amp has two inputs and one output. The inputs are marked with a minus(-) and plus(+) to indicate Inverting and noninverting inputs. An input applied to the noninverting terminal will appear with the same polarity at the output, while an input applied to the inverting terminal will appear inverter at the output.




                                 Figure 1.2:Powering the op-amp

As an active element, the op-amp must be powered by a voltage supply as typically shown in Fig 1.2. Although the power supplies are often ignored in op-amp circuit diagrams for the sake of simplicity, the power supply currents must not be overlooked. By KCL
  
                            i = i1+i2 + i.........



 Figure 1.3: The equivalent circuit of the non-ideal op amp

The output section Consists of a voltage-controlled source in series with the output resistance Rout. The input resistance Ri is the Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at the input terminals when the output resistance Ro is the Thevenin equivalent resistance seen at the output. The differential input voltage Vd is given by

                                                Vd = V2 - V1

Where,
V1= is the input voltage between the inverting terminal and ground
V2= is the input voltage between the noninverting terminal and ground

 A= Gain and causes the resulting voltage to appear at the output. Thus output Vo is given by

Vo= Avd

  =A(v2-v1)

The gain of the op-amp without any external feedback from output to input this reason A is called the open-loop voltage gain.


Op amp can operate in three modes, depending on the differential input voltage Vd.

1. Positive saturation, Vo = Vcc

2.Linear region,  -Vcc ≤ Vo = Avd ≤ Vcc.

3.Negative saturation, Vo= - Vcc

Application of IC 741 Op-Amp  

  1. e-room thermometer
  2.  Bug Listening
  3. Microphone Amplifier
  4. Tester
  5. variable audio frequency oscillator
  6. Adjustable Ripple Regulated Power Supply using IC 741 Op-Amp
  7. I4-channel audio mixture
  8. automatic light-operated switch using a light-dependent resistor
  9. DC volt polarity indicator
  10. Voltage to Frequency Conversion using IC 741 Op-Amp
  11. Generating of Wind Sound using IC 741 Op-Amp